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Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA), one of several specialties in the field of forensic science, inolves the study and analysis of bloodstains at a known or suspected violent crime scene with the goal of to helping investigators draw conclusions about the nature, timing and other details of the crime. The use of bloodstains as evidence is not new; however, the application of modern science has brought it to a higher level since the 1970s and '80s. New technologies, especially advances in DNA analysis, are available for detectives and criminologists to use in solving crimes and apprehending offenders. The science of bloodstain pattern analysis applies scientific knowledge from other fields to solve practical problems. Bloodstain pattern analysis draws on the scientific disciplines of biology, chemistry, mathematics and physics. If an analyst follows a scientific process, this applied science can produce strong, solid evidence, making it an effective tool for investigators, although care does need to be taken when relying on bloodstain pattern analysis in criminal cases. A report released by The National Academy of Sciences calls for more standardization within the field. The report highlights the ability of blood spatter analysts to overstate their qualifications and the reliability of their methods in the court room. ==History== Bloodstain pattern analysis has been used informally for centuries, but the first modern study of blood stains was in 1895. Eduard Piotrowski published a paper entitled "On the formation, form, direction, and spreading of blood stains resulting in blunt trauma at the head."〔Brodbeck, Silke (2012): "(Introduction to Bloodstain Pattern Analysis )", Journal for Police Science and Practice (Vol. 2), 51-57. doi: 10.7396/IE_2012_E〕 A number of publications describing various aspects of blood stains were published, but his publication did not lead to a systematic analysis. LeMoyne Snyder's widely-used book ''Homicide Investigation'' (first published in 1941 and updated occasionally through at least the 1970s) also briefly mentioned details that later bloodstain experts would expand upon (e.g., that blood dries at a relatively predictible rate; that arterial blood is a brighter red color than other blood; that bloodstains tend to fall in certain patterns based on the motion of an attacker and victim).〔Snyder, LeMoyne (1971). ''Homicide Investigation: Practical Information for Coroners, Police Officers, and Other Investigators''. Charles C. Thompson Publishers, 3rd Edition〕 The second modern origin of the study of bloodstain pattern analysis is the Sam Sheppard case in 1954, when the wife of an osteopathic physician was beaten to death in her home. Further growth of interest and use of the significance of bloodstain evidence is a direct result of the scientific research and practical applications of bloodstain theory by Herbert Leon MacDonell of Corning, New York. His research resulted in his publication of the first modern treatise on bloodstain analysis, entitled "Flight Characterisics and Stain Patterns of Human Blood" (1971). The first formal bloodstain training course was given by MacDonnel in 1973 in Jackson, Mississippi. In 1983, the International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts was founded by a group of blood stain analysts to help develop the emerging field of bloodstain pattern analysis. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「bloodstain pattern analysis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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